Article management pdf

The authors undertake interview, document exploration or documentary research, participant observation and literature reviews as data collection methods in order to ensure and further enhance the validity of the research.

Face-to-face interview gives advantages to the researchers in getting higher response rate and more accurate data Zainuddin, In terms of document exploration, annual reports, proposal papers, newspaper cuttings, minutes of meetings were collected and compiled to be analyzed. On the other hand, observation as defined by Sarantakos as a data collection method that employs the sense of vision as its main source, was adopted to strengthen the reliability and validity of the data obtained from the earlier tools.

Finally, literature reviews of more than 60 sources comprising of journal articles and books were referred in order to develop a robust theoretical framework. Undeniably, the authors have excellently chosen the right methods to be adopted in this qualitative type of research which is in parallel with the objectives aimed.

The study also showed that important differences in accounting practices occur between organizations even within the same religious denomination. These differences are owing to the different accounting verstehen in each organization which surface from the differences in the complicated contexts of power and other cultural influences within which the organizations located.

In the conclusion part, the researchers have suggested a few research areas to be explored using the developed theoretical framework which is beneficial for future studies.

Conclusion In a nutshell, this study effectively contributes to the construction of a deep theoretical understanding, or grounded theory of the financial management and accounting practices in Islamic organizations. Simultaneously, the researchers successfully provide a model of how a grounded theory is undertaken in practice.

The study also fruitfully gives the understanding of Asian management, in the context of religious organizations in Malaysia, in particular financial management and accounting. References Accounting Schools Online. Importance of Accounting and Financial Management. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences 6th ed. Boston: Pearson International Edition. Glaser, B. Identifying organizational subcultures: An empirical approach.

Journal of Management Studies, 35 1 , Social Research. Zainuddin, A. The existence of power elite groups structures on organizational 2. Power and decision-making process decision-making process 3. Authority in decision-making process 4. Organizational control by coercion or consent 2 Managerialist culture and 5. Level of involvement of accounting staff in values organizational management 6.

Staffing levels 7. Professional training and exposure to contemporary accounting techniques 8. Interdepartmental conflicts and tensions 9.

Professionalism and authoritative leadership 3 Islamic culture and values Centrality of religious activities: religious vs commercial activities. Ex-posting reporting Accounting information and probity of expenditure 6 Centrality of accountability Coercive and consensual use of authority in decision-making process. Formality of accountability relationships Power elite and accountability Personal vs. Accountability and fraud 7 Financial control practices Financial regulation procedures and proceses Most European countries have experienced dramatic significant number of immigration from the Middle East; Argentina and Venezuela host a significant number of migrants from South American countries; and nations from India to Iraq find great cultural diversity within their borders.

Victory will go to the organization that maintain their flexibility, continually improve their quality, and beat their competition to the marketplace with a constant stream of innovative products and services.

The field of OB provides a wealth of ideas and techniques to aid in realizing these goals. Independent contractors can telecommute via computers and workplaces around the globe and change employers as the demand for their services changes.

Software programmers, graphic designers, system analysts, technical writers, photo researcher, book and media editors, and medical transcribers are just a few examples of people who can work from home of other non-office locations.

As more employees do their jobs by linking to others through network, manager must develop new skills. First, the creation of global organization means the world never sleeps.

At any time on any day, thousands of General electric employees are working somewhere. Second communication technology allows many technical and professional employees to their work at home, in their cars, or on the beach but it also means many feel like they never really get away from the office.

Third, organizations are asking employees to put in longer hours. Recent studies suggest employees want jobs that give them flexibility in their work schedules so they can better manage work-life conflicts. In fact, balancing work and life demands now surpasses job security as an employee priority.

Some key independent variables in positive OB research are engagement, hope, optimism, and resilience in the face of strain. Organization 3. It was 'to make cleanliness commonplace; to lessen work for women; to foster health and contribute to personal attractiveness, that life may be more enjoyable and rewarding for the people who use our products'.

In a history that now crosses three centuries, Unilever's success has been influenced by the major events of the day — economic boom, depression, world wars, changing consumer lifestyles and advances in technology. And throughout we've created products that help people get more out of life — cutting the time spent on household chores, improving nutrition, enabling people to enjoy food and take care of their homes, their clothes and themselves. Balancing profit with responsible corporate behavior In the late 19th century the businesses that would later become Unilever were among the most philanthropic of their time.

Today, Unilever still believes that success means acting with 'the highest standards of corporate behavior towards our employees, consumers and the societies and world in which we live'. Over the years we've launched or participated in an ever-growing range of initiatives to source sustainable supplies of raw materials, protect environments, support local communities and much more.

Through this timeline you'll see how our brand portfolio has evolved. At the beginning of the 21st century, our Path to Growth strategy focused us on global high-potential brands and our Vitality mission is taking us into a new phase of development. More than ever, our brands are helping people 'feel good, look good and get more out of life' — a sentiment close to Lord Leverhulme's heart over a hundred years ago. Timeline 19th century Although Unilever wasn't formed until , the companies that joined forces to create the business we know today were already well established before the start of the 20th century.

At the beginning of the 20th century their expansion nearly outstrips the supply of raw materials. But instead they agree to merge - and so Unilever is created. But while the business rationalizes operations, it also continues to diversify. The 21st century The decade starts with the launch of Path to Growth, a five-year strategic plan, and in further sharpens its focus on the needs of 21st century-consumers with its Vitality mission.

In fact, million times a day, someone somewhere chooses a Unilever product. Look in your fridge, or on the bathroom shelf, and you're bound to see one of our well-known brands.

We create, market and distribute the products that people choose to feed their families and keep themselves and their homes clean and fresh. Focusing on performance and productivity, we encourage our people to develop new ideas and put fresh approaches into practice. Hand in hand with this is a strong sense of responsibility to the communities we serve. We don't only measure success in financial terms; how we achieve results is important too.

We work hard to conduct our business with integrity - respecting our employees, our consumers and the environment around us.

Unilever is one of the world's leading suppliers of fast-moving consumer goods. Here are some recent highlights from our three global divisions - Foods, home care and personal care. Their leading brands have international appeal because they meet a need or fulfill a desire that people share, no matter where they live.

It is indicator of political, economic, social and technological influences on organization. In case of legal factors, any trade policy or import duties are not affecting particularly Unilever Pakistan. In Pakistan right now following liberalization policy under SAP by IMF made which they have to waive off all restrictions and moreover due to huge investment by Unilever Pakistan no government can afford to create hurdles in the way of an organization like Unilever Pakistan.

So one way or other they find way to cover it up. In case of change in lifestyle, the world has converted into global town now and people have readily access to every sort of information and they are becoming more quality conscious. Now more concerned towards environmental issues now and demand more social responsibility on the part of organizations now.

Yet they keep on finding new ways of doing things and new things as well they continuously launched variants in brands etc. This issue would be discussed more in detail in the problem statement. Unilever Problem Statement Our problem statement is regarding the shampoo segment of Unilever Pakistan. They have managed such a deep and broad product category and manage to do so well that some of their brand name has become the generic names for that particular product but this is not the story with Sunsilk and recently launched Lifebuoy Shampoo.

Our problem statement is that what are the causes, which kept Unilever Pakistan away from market leader position in shampoo market. External problems 4.

And hence a strategy or a policy approval, formulated and implemented 50 years back becomes obsolete and discard in prevailing scenario and changing environment e. Here in this field they lag behind due to their long term strategy even in field of advertising given by their parent head office.

Hence being an influence able organization they exhibit bureaucratic management style they want to maintain their status quo before these environmental changes like advertising trend.

Offices and branches of Unilever Pakistan are normally placed in domestic setup especially Multan branch, since it is a marketing organization, its office outlook and location must be in professional and well to do area which will contribute in proper functionality of branch and its employees as well.

This severe problem is being faced by Multan branch of Unilever Pakistan as well. Management team of Unilever Pakistan normally arrange excessive operational meeting, they have less emphasis on the strategy implementation part as compared to strategy formulation and planning. All the decisions regarding product planning, development, distribution and even targets of the branches are centralized and are in hands of central sales office of Unilever Pakistan.

Branches are given inflexible targets of sales — though data on these branch managers negotiate this figure but it takes too long. Due to heavy capital investment in their brands Unilever Pakistan is unable to observe their slow moving brands which create a cost burden. As to launch a new brand complete research and development setup is required which is inflexible and cannot be re-utilized for another brand along with its consumer market is heavily flooded with products, there is very low probability that market will absorb new brands.

Unilever Pakistan has very poor relationships with their dealers and retailers. Their brand manager makes very rare visits to the retailers to know their problems, very little discounts are offered by Unilever Pakistan to their retailers. No prize scheme and incentive is given to dealers, retailers, wholesalers of Unilever Pakistan. Even Unilever Pakistan brand manager never bargain on the proper and prominent shelf space of their shampoos Sunsilk and Lifebuoy. Unilever Pakistan has not been able to place any check on its smuggling shampoos into Pakistan e.

Indonesian Sunsilk is made according to the demographic of Indonesia, when it will be used in Pakistan it will damage the hair of people, which deteriorate the brand image. Which create problem on local sales of Pakistan? Employment insecurities in Unilever Pakistan also contribute negatively towards the performance of branch operations.

All branch managers, brand managers and operation are transferred within branches of Unilever Pakistan allover Pakistan. This create an uncertainty among management team, new managers takes much time to settle in new branch and to understand new setup of branch and new dealers network.

This affects the branch operations and performance. Introduction of Sunsilk and Lifebuoy Sunsilk Shampoo Unilever Pakistan stepped into shampoo business in with Sunsilk initially with only two variants: 1. Sunsilk egg shampoo 2. Due to their poor marketing in 90s Clinic Plus faced big failure.

The sales of Clinic Plus were not up to the expectations of the company and they abandoned the production of Clinic Plus.

Unilever Pakistan again re-launched the Sunsilk at the end of with 12 different variants with new name of fruitamines. Now the focus was on different kind of hair i. Then they reduced their frutamines Sunsilk to six variants.

Now with launch of White Sunsilk they have seven variants of Sunsilk. They launched Lifebuoy shampoo using this brand name in Initially it was successful according to the retailers everyone was asking about it and asked for retailers opinion as well.

But it flopped badly because it was mainly targeted towards lower and middle income segment and Unilever Pakistan wanted this segment to switch from bath soap to shampoo and wanted to develop shampoo market in this segment as well.

But this class did not switched to Lifebuoy shampoo because they were in habit of using soap for washing their hair, more over they did not find anything unique and new about the shampoo. Other than being liquid. So, they again returned to Lifebuoy soap. Unilever should focus on all the problems involved in the area of interest such power issue, water issue etc.

Political instability affects the performance of company. Financial management find difficulties in investing their reserves. The other point after hiring them to train them and when they get experience they are leaving. In addition to this, the sale of tea which is a major volume driver for the company has been hampered by rampant smuggling of tea into the country via Afghanistan. The dismal law-and-order situation and economic slowdown have also restrained disposable incomes for the public at large.

This has in turn suppressed the potential growth in consumer sales in the country. Still the company has managed to register stellar growth in its sales and profits and appears well placed to continue riding this wave of success in coming years.

Data collection method Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this continuum are quantitative methods and at the other end of the continuum are Qualitative methods for data collection. Data collection is the important tool for any research work and completes the research report. Secondary data which is collected printed material about the Unilever Pakistan and, the mostly its official website is used for the preparation of this report.

Most of data collected for making this report from the internet source. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis, is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.

It involves specifying the objectives of business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. The SWOT analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths and weaknesses and external situational aspects as opportunities and threats.

So sometimes some products get more attention and some stay hidden from sight. They must increase product line in food line. They should do more work on their marketing strategies. Changing political system affects Pakistani economy as well as organizations operating under it.

Conclusion Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting; objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results. In the s, William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros, wrote down his ideas for Sunlight Soap — his revolutionary new product that helped popularize cleanliness and hygiene in Victorian England.

Unilever is a very strong multinational corporation with a lot of strengths, including its strong management, to run its operations to the heights of success.

Unilever management plays the important role in the company success, like as financing decision, investment decision, formulation of strategy to achieve the desired goals. It should try and create an extension to this famous brand by focusing on energy drinks. Justifications are: Highlight healthier ingredients of the product while showcasing its ability to give energy and revitalize body, A Healthier Alternative to Energy Drinks. The after making of decision should be discussed at lower level so that the employees develop understanding for new decisions taken by the management.

Unilever management should take initiative to focus on new products in the product line.